Rooms Division Operation Management - 21324 Words

| Rooms Division operation Management | Higher National Diploma In Hospitality Management | Bheemuck Chuvinee Neha amp; Emile Natacha Sandrine 11/19/2012 | Acknowledgement We would take this opportunity to first of all, express our words of gratitude to Mr Armooghum, who has been present for our queries. He has helped us a lot in solving confusions. The lectures have been helpful for the assignment, which have been one of the motivating factors. We would also like to thank the organizations or rather the members of the staff who have enormously contributed by filling the questionnaires and giving their personal views and information on the topic. Thank you Contents Acknowledgement 2 Table of Figures 7†¦show more content†¦Qualitative and quantitative research have several advantages and disadvantages, depending upon the researcher s aim and area of focus. Consequently, both quantitative and qualitative research has been carried out the research. A mixture of both qualitative and quantitative has been employed in the questionnaire. Qualitative research has been employed in order to get statistical information. The quantitative has been employed to understand why the staff turnover is high, to understand the motivational factors and also to know what the staff recommendations are. Both methods were combined in the survey to get the appropriate information. 2. Face to face: Due to the lack of information concerning the recommendation, a face to face survey was carried out. This method consists of an interviewer and a respondent who is assist by the interviewer. This method has been used in order to have more details about the staff recommendation. The staff were able to communicate their recommendations with much more details and it was easier to understand more in depth their recommendations. 1.1 Discuss and Evaluate the accommodation and receptions services offered in the chosen organizations(1.1) and (1.4) A merit grade (m1) will be allocated for effective judgement. Four Seasons The Four SeasonsShow MoreRelatedRoom divisions Operations Management5493 Words   |  22 Pagesï » ¿ Rooms Division Operations Management Table of Contents Executive Summary This case study explores the importance of Room Division service in hospitality industry. The task 1 discusses the different services provided by the rooms division in different circumstances. The impact of different operational issues in managing the front of house area is evaluated in the second task. The third task discusses the different featuresRead MoreRooms Division Operation Management21324 Words   |  86 Pages| Rooms Division operation Management | Higher National Diploma In Hospitality Management | Bheemuck Chuvinee Neha amp; Emile Natacha Sandrine 11/19/2012 | Acknowledgement We would take this opportunity to first of all, express our words of gratitude to Mr Armooghum, who has been present for our queries. He has helped us a lot in solving confusions. The lectures have been helpful for the assignment, which have been one of the motivating factors. We would also like to thank the organizationsRead MoreImportance Of Revenue Management For Operations And Room Division Operations Management1123 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This report focuses on the relevance of revenue management to operations and room division operations management. The relevant legislations and regulations required in room division operations management will be analysed. Further the roles and responsibilities of some accommodation and reception staff will be reviewed. The report will also concentrate on the services offered by rooms division in relation to accommodation and front office departments. Since the report concentratesRead MoreCritical Aspects Of Managing Hospitality Properties1604 Words   |  7 Pagessupervisory functions of room division is firstly taken into account, followed by an evaluation on the deployment of security measures at hotels. Last but not least, the significance of technology to the run of hotel business is discussed in further details in the scope of this report. Discussion Reflection upon supervisory functions of rooms division To commence, the focus of this very first section is placed on the discussion concerning the supervision functions of room division, as well as the roleRead MoreThe Hotel Organisational Structure1295 Words   |  6 PagesHKUSPACE Introduction to Front Office Operations (Directed Study) The Hotel Organisational Structure Hotels employ a vast number of persons with variety of skills. The larger the hotel, the more specialised the tasks. Large hotels have bigger resident populations and provide more services than do many small towns. Hotel organisations follow the pattern of other business institutions. They break up the work force into separate departments, with each department entrusted with a share of theRead MoreOperations Management Schroeder Chapters 1-31594 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 1 Question #2 What is the difference between the terms production management and operations management? Production management deals primarily with the manufacture of goods, whereas operations management encompasses the production of not only goods, but services as well. Question #3 How does the function of an operations manager differ from the function of a marketing manager or a finance manager? The operations managers function is to create the supply of goods, whereas the marketingRead MoreHOSP582 Case Study 2 Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pages ï » ¿HOSP582 Case Study 2 ABC Management Company: Organizing for Mid-Range Service Discussion Questions 1. List some of the important organizational and service factors that the executives of ABC Management should consider before responding to the owners of the three mid-range service properties. Since the hotels are within the mid range (350-500 rooms), a room director will be needed to supervise the departments that make up the rooms division, another director for the food and beverageRead MoreRoom Division981 Words   |  4 Pagesmoney. Nothing sends a stronger message than cleanliness in hospitality operation. The reception can be divided into five areas : the concierge department comprises a large ground of uniformed staff, including: control of the uniformed staff, close liaison with the front office manage and other departments, giving of information to guest concerning hotel services and local directions, message taking and issuing room keys, the booking of theatre and the confirmation of airline passagesRead MoreCase Study : The Hotel Organizational Structure839 Words   |  4 Pagesfood and beverage operation and rooms, marketing and finance. The staff close relation or contact with guests is regarded as â€Å"front of the house† and what the guest are not cognizant of is called â€Å"back of the house.† For instance the wait staff of the restaurant is regarded as front of the house on the contrary the kitchen staff is back of the house. In grand hotels, responsibilities of division are held by managers and directors. On the other hand in small hotel, each division is supervised by theRead MoreThe Incident Command System Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesEmergency services face vast difficulties in the operations field when handling emergency situations, whether it comes from handling a minor accident to a catastrophic catastrophy. Many of the difficulties do not come from the actual incident, but instead they arise from forming a rescue team containing different agencies and people. For the benefit off all individuals participating, it is imperative that there be a unified command structure in place to effectively coordinate and oversee the tasks

Households and domesticity in ancient world Free Essays

string(135) " consisting of the one affinity group the ideal topographic point to idolize a divinity or ascendant would hold been within his place\." How Valid is Mazarakis Ainian ‘s Hypothesis that Rulers ‘ Dwellings in the Early Iron Age were the Forerunner of the Urban Temples of Later Periods? In this paper I am traveling to review Mazarakis Ainian ‘s averment that there is a strong nexus between swayers ‘ homes and early temples in both map and architecture. I shall get down by placing what it is that separates a swayer ‘s home from the remainder of a community and shall so seek to place why a house would be used as a temple and the grounds for why there would hold been the passage to a dedicated spiritual edifice. House types of the Early Iron Age The period of the Early Iron Age ( EIA ) covers about 1100-700 BC and encompasses the so called ‘Dark Ages ‘ which followed the Mycenaean prostration and which ends in the passage to the Early Archaic period of the seventh century. We will write a custom essay sample on Households and domesticity in ancient world or any similar topic only for you Order Now It can be divided into the Protogeometric and Geometric periods of 1100-900 and 900-700BC severally. It is Mazarakis Ainian ‘s chief statement that due to the evident absence of temples of any sort within colonies prior to the mid eighth century BC, swayers ‘ homes alternatively served as Centres of communal cult ( 1988: 106 ) . It would hence be utile to look at the scope of house signifiers known from this early period, to place what separates elect lodging from other constructing types and besides the grounds they contain to propose ritual or spiritual activity. Although there are comparatively few colony sites staying, peculiarly 1s incorporating identifiable house remains or foundations, in comparing to subsequently periods in the Grecian World, Lang recognizes two chief types of house agreement ; detached and agglomerated. Both types of colony normally show that they were unplanned, having irregular street layouts which most frequently follow the local topography ( Lang 2007: 183 ) . The colony of Zagora on the island of Andros is demonstrative of the agglomerative house type while Emporio on Chios shows detached. This may nevertheless be brooding of colony size ; Zagora may good hold begun with a degage house agreement but its location on a drop top tableland and ensuing bounds on infinite, any addition in population may hold required new houses to be built in close propinquity to bing 1s. The alteration from little to big bunchs of houses can be seen in the programs drawn of the EIA and Archaic remains at the site ( fig. 1 ) . This has nevertheless led to several bookmans proposing that the house layout of Zagora reflects an early illustration of the courtyard house prevalent in the Classical Period ( Coucouzeli 2007: 169-181, Morris 1998 ) . The statement for this does non look wholly convincing, but I shall non turn to it farther in this paper. House types within these agreements besides varied. They were most normally composed of one or two little suites with rectangular, egg-shaped, apsidal or the somewhat less common round land programs ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: Ch. 1 ) . The agglomerative colony lent itself best to rectangular land programs as seen with Zagora ( figure 1 ) . Geographic location appears to hold played a portion in the distribution of the different house types with, for illustration, egg-shaped edifices of the Geometric Period being chiefly found in Attica and Euboea, the East Greek islands and West seashore Asia Minor but seldom identified elsewhere ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 86 ) . It is the edifices of apsidal and rectangular programs that Mazarakis Ainian suggests were the ancestors of the Archaic temple and the most preferable designs for swayer ‘s homes. They can be divided into two groups ; those with a closed frontage are classified as ‘oikoi ‘ and those with an unfastened frontage are known as anta edifices ( 1997: 259 ) . At many of the colonies there is normally a home that stands out in footings of size, program and location from all others in the locality and it is these that are assumed swayers ‘ homes. Figure 2 high spots this in a comparing of elect homes of certain type, dwelling of a chief room with smaller rear chamber, and other domestic edifices of similar form. The House as Temple The extent to which these likely elite houses show similarity in signifier and map to the first urban temples will now hold to be considered. To get down to reply this, the grounds for why these houses would be used as focal point of ritual activity in the first topographic point demand to be looked into. M. Ainian calls these edifices swayers ‘ homes, but who were these powerful work forces and how far would their power have extended within their community? Mazarakis Ainian suggests that the swayers who inhabited these homes would hold been work forces who came to power on either a familial footing or through possessing desirable personal virtuousnesss ( 1997: 270 ) . In anthropological footings this would do them either heads or large work forces. He proposes that in some countries these powerful work forces may hold had their beginnings as local governors in the Late Helladic IIIB Period, and so would hold maintained control of little colonies after the Mycenaean prostration. In most countries colonies would hold been little made up of one or two drawn-out households, with the caput of the dominant or possibly oldest family going responsible for the direction of communal personal businesss ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 375, 393 ) . Thomas and Conant express it good: The community is virtually an drawn-out household, and the small town leader, the caput of the most of import household. ( Thomas and Conant 1999: 52 ) This reflects what is thought from Homer ; that the Oikos consisting of drawn-out household of possibly three coevalss was the basic ‘kinship, residential and economic unit ‘ with any figure of oikoi doing up a community ( Donlan 1985: 299 ) . It would merely look logical that as portion of his control of communal responsibilities the ‘chief ‘ would besides be in charge of spiritual cult pattern. When the colony was little and lone consisting of the one affinity group the ideal topographic point to idolize a divinity or ascendant would hold been within his place. You read "Households and domesticity in ancient world" in category "Essay examples" As the colony grew possibly this pattern continued as tradition. It is M. Ainian ‘s position that by literally lodging spiritual pattern the swayer was keeping his prestigiousness and control within the community ( 1997: 393 ) . The control of faith by a individual swayer, or double swayers in this peculiar insta nce, was continued into subsequently periods by the male monarchs of Sparta who continued to move as main priests, retaining their spiritual function ( Mazarakis Ainian 1988: 118 ) . This would look to propose that spiritual responsibilities would and could hold been controlled by the colony leader. There would therefore look to be several strong accounts as to why a swayer ‘s house would hold come to be used as a precursor to the temple. The archeological grounds is largely in support of this position, with domestic and ritual artifacts frequently found in association. Nichoria, a site in Messenia is a good illustration of this. At this site two peculiar house remains, known as unit IV-1 and unit IV-5, stand out from the remainder of the homes in the locality. As a consequence it could be said with comparative certainty that they held some particular importance within the community. Both were rather big apsidal edifices surrounded by little seemingly low position apsidal huts. The first, IV-1, has been dated to the tenth century BC while IV-5 most probably replaced it in the 9th. IV-1 is the most complete of the constructions and digging found that it contained a paved circle raised on a dais and covered with a bed of burned stuff ; nearby an sum of animate being bone was besides recovered. This suggested to the excavators that it may hold been a temple, with the paved circle operation as an communion table. Other di scoveries of a domestic nature were besides found nevertheless, proposing that it was possibly of importance both as a home and for its ritual significance ( Lukermann and Moody 1978: 94 ) . Ritual banqueting was another facet of ancient Greek spiritual pattern that M. Ainian identifies as perchance holding a case in point within the swayers ‘ home. Whitley though argues that the big sums of animate being castanetss and imbibing vass in association with fireplaces and benches in some homes does propose banqueting, but for the intent of doing bonds of commitment and beef uping authorization within the community ( Whitley 1991: 185 ) . Mazarakis Ainian does non deny that banquets were most likely taking topographic point for these grounds, but besides tenuously suggests that they would hold been held for ritual intents ( 1997: 379-80 ) . The grounds he cites for this nevertheless is limited at best, and he does rely somewhat on justification from the Homeric heroic poems in this peculiar country, despite his unfavorable judgment for other bookmans on this point. I am nevertheless inclined to take up his point of position in this affair. Although it is certain that fe asts did happen in swayers ‘ homes, the grounds available makes their purpose hard to find, but as antecedently argued, the swayer took on the function of ‘priest ‘ which makes it likely that some signifier of ritual dining must hold taken topographic point within his house alongside the other signifiers mentioned. The architectural similarities between swayers ‘ homes and early temples besides give acceptance to M. Ainian ‘s hypothesis. They portion similar land programs, being largely rectangular or apsidal and holding the entryway in the short side, significance that every cult edifice of the Late Geometric Period had an architectural opposite number in a domestic edifice of the same or earlier day of the month ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 388 ) . Apparently so this demonstrates really close ties between the edifice types that must certainly stand for a continuance of tradition. Snodgrass nevertheless does foreground that shrines may hold existed as separate entities in earlier periods as direct ancestors of the classical temple, but because architectural criterions were lower they can non be differentiated from domestic constructions ( Snodgrass 1980: 58 ) . Some edifices, such as edifice C at Koukounaries, appear to portion greater similarity with banqueting halls than with abodes as they consist of merely the one big room without any noticeable divisions ( figure 3 ) . A individual unfastened infinite like this would look more ideal as a topographic point for banqueting than as a life infinite for the elite. This would propose a remarkable function and specific intent for these peculiar edifices instead than holding the double intent of brooding and Centre of cult that is cardinal to M. Ainian ‘s statement. If this was the instance so the temple, which fulfilled the function of communal banqueting hall and garnering topographic point in the Archaic Period, could be seen as holding its beginnings as a typical, separate construction in an urban scene at a much earlier day of the month. Lang though believes that EIA society would non hold been developed plenty socially or economically to let for the building of public edifices of remarkable map ( Lang 2007: 186 ) . Ideas of public and private infinite had non been developed and so the separation of domestic and sacred would non hold been necessary ; the demand for a typical temple edifice within the confines of the colony would non hold existed. Small discoveries from within many of the big constructions suggest a scope of domestic maps took topographic point within, instead than the remarkable grounds of dining that would be expected from a banqueting hall. The bulk of edifices believed to be swayers ‘ homes are divided into compartments or suites with edifice C at Koukounaries being one of merely several exclusions to this ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 271 ) . His most convincing statement is that without these being classed as places of governing households, there would be small archeological grounds to propose Grecian society was stratified as opposed to classless during the EIA ( 1997: 271 ) . It would therefore look improbable in visible radiation of the grounds that temples would hold existed in their ain right during in urban contexts during this period. Rulers ‘ homes apparently would hold filled the function finally played by the temple, with the leader, the head or large adult male, executing the responsibilities of priest. Passage to Temple It does look that swayers ‘ homes would hold been the Centre of at least some sort of ritual spiritual activity within EIA communities. So why was there the passage to the separate urban temple at the terminal of the 8th and beginning of the seventh century? These new temples, in the beginning at least, would hold carried out the same spiritual map as the houses of the elite had done, but were merely designed for this remarkable intent. This alteration must certainly hold represented new thoughts emerging of dividing public and private infinite and in bend reflect societal, political and even economic alteration. Prior to the mid eighth century, temples as edifices in their ain right merely appear to hold existed at extra-urban sanctuaries ; that is those which are outside any peculiar colony. One illustration of such a edifice is the rural shrine at Pachlitsani Agriada near Kavousi on Crete ( Mazarakis Ainian 1988: 116 ) . The edifice contained a bench on which idols stood and besides the remains of several graven images, perchance dedications to the goddess Eileithyia ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 212 ) . It is dated tenuously from the manner of the graven images to the Protogeometric at the earliest and the bend of the 8th/7th century at the latest, with M. Ainian preferring the earlier day of the month. There was hence a case in point for edifices that were built for the exclusive intent of worship, either to a God, an ascendant or hero, but non within a colony. As has been mentioned the map of a temple was carried out by the swayers ‘ home and so there was no demand for such a edifice u ntil about 750BC.From so onwards this position changed and temples began to look in a figure of urban colonies across Greece. Of class the alterations taking topographic point did non make so at the same time across the full Grecian Universe, but 750BC appears to hold been the turning point from which the temple finally dominated as the primary focal point of spiritual cult. Mazarakis Ainian suggests that the passage to temples occurred as a consequence of political and societal alteration ; specifically the diminution of the monarchal system. He proposes that when the so called ‘basileus ‘ , the leader of the community, had control over the direction of communal personal businesss including spiritual facets, the sacred and non sacred were non separated. It is his sentiment therefore that the rise of temples from the mid eighth century was a direct consequence of the abolishment of monarchy in favor of an blue system. The former leader would hold lost many of his powers and in peculiar the control of cult activity ( Mazarakis Ainian 1988: 118 ) . This implies that control would hold passed to the ‘state ‘ as it existed at the clip, followed by the separation of the every-day into public and private, sacred and non sacred. This is one possible account as to the passage of cult from swayers ‘ brooding to temple and it is closely linked with the other chief account ; the rise of the polis, which shall be discussed shortly. Harmonizing to M. Ainian, the building of temples meant the remotion of cult from private to public control and so besides implied the remotion of power from the single i.e. the colony leader. Although it is widely held that power did bit by bit go more widely distributed between a figure of elect as opposed to being held by one adult male, and is seen in the archeological record by the progressively hard undertaking of placing swayers ‘ homes from the architectural remains of this period, it could non hold been the instance everyplace as evidenced by the continued presence of sovereign into the Archaic Period and beyond ( Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 382 ) . His logical thinking does non take into history that temples themselves, as monumental constructions, could besides be interpreted as shows of authorization and wealth of a high position person in the same manner swayers ‘ homes had done, while possibly at the same time in other countries stand foring competition between c ommunities and a show of the corporate power of the ‘state ‘ . The best counter-argument to his position must certainly be the instance of Sparta, as a good documented metropolis where the establishment of kingship was maintained, yet besides featured temples. He argues that for monumental temples to be constructed it required communal consensus, attempt and resources that would non hold been possible under a individual swayer ( 1997: 384 ) . Yet, by his ain statement, the earliest temples frequently resembled swayers ‘ homes in form every bit good as map, and so the really first temples at least could hold been constructed utilizing bing resources and work force ( 1988: 116 ) . He is nevertheless right in proposing that a swayer at the degree of ‘chief ‘ would be improbable to command adequate power in order to build a truly monumental edifice of any sort. The ‘Heroon ‘ at Lefkandi may be the exclusion to this ; at 47 meters long, 10 meters broad and dating to c.950BC it was bigger than anything else built in Greec e for more than the following 200 old ages. It has been suggested that this excessively may hold served as a home before being converted into a funerary construction ( De Waele 1998: 384 ) . It would once more confute M. Ainian ‘s theory as it was most probably constructed to house the people finally buried within it instead than for the broader community, but within the range of this paper shall be treated as an anomalousness. This aside so, it would look to come down to a inquiry non of who was in charge, the person or the many, but the phase of development as a society that they were at. Sparta was able to hold temples even under a dyarchy because it had developed into a polis and accordingly was at a phase of political development that allowed for the separation of the sacred and the non sacred, the populace from the private. It has even been argued that it was a necessary demand for the development of the metropolis province. Starr asserts that the outgrowth of purpose built temples indicates civic integrity merely possible through the societal construction and centralized authorities of the polis ( Starr 1986: 39 ) . Thomas and Conant agree to an extent with this position, proposing that spiritual commonalty would hold contributed towards the turning coherence of colonies and added to the sense of community beyond affinity groups. But they go farther in suggesting that this manifested itself in the bu ilding of grander constructions to honor the Gods and hence played a important portion in the development of the community and individuality of the polis ( Thomas and Conant 1999: 138-9 ) . From these two statements the inquiry is formed as to whether the temple was a consequence of the rise of the polis, or if the polis was merely possible through the creative activity of, or at least the societal, political and economic conditions necessary for the building of, the urban temple. To decently reply this would necessitate an in deepness expression into the rise of the polis which is beyond the bounds of this paper, but no affair what the reply it is clear that the outgrowth of both were inexorably linked. If, as harmonizing to Mazarakis Ainian, it was the displacement from monarchy to shared regulation that led to the demand for temples so it would go forth those metropoliss that did non travel through this political alteration as exclusions to the regulation. To give him the benefit of the uncertainty, what he is most likely seeking to state is that urban temples were a phenomenon of ‘state ‘ regardless of its signifier of authorities every bit long as the power was shared in some manner. I would therefore suggest that his usage of the term ‘monarchy ‘ is misdirecting in this context as he alternatively seems to be mentioning to the alteration from chiefdom degree regulation to that of province degree ; therefore indirectly besides back uping the thought that the beginnings of the polis was the ground for alteration. Decisions So is Mazarakis Ainian ‘s hypothesis valid? The grounds for the period he is analyzing is comparatively limited, embracing as it does the so called Dark Age of Greece, but what is known from the archeological record does non look to confute his decisions. That is non to state nevertheless that it to the full endorses him either. In several illustrations presented the archeology could be interpreted in a figure of ways but would look to back up his statement through other indirect associations. This can peculiarly be seen in the grounds for banqueting within swayers ‘ homes which does be, but its ritual nature is difficult to find. Its reading as such is largely dependent on whether the colony swayer genuinely took on the mantle of priest as argued. Although there are several separate and valid statements in support of his point of view, in my sentiment if merely one facet such as the degree of authorization of a colony leader was thrown into uncertainty, the other stateme nts would go well weaker. Despite this, holding considered the chief points of Mazarakis Ainian ‘s statement and the available grounds I have drawn similar decisions, and would therefore back up his hypothesis that swayers ‘ homes were so a precursor in both signifier and map of the early temple. Bibliography Coucouzeli, A. 2007. From Megaron to Oikos at Zagora. In R. Westgate, N. Fisher and J. Whitley ( explosive detection systems ) , Constructing Communities: House, Settlement and society in the Aegean and Beyond, 169-181.British School at Athens. Lang, F. 2007. House-Community-Settlement: The New Concept of Living in Archaic Greece. In R.Westgate, N. Fisher and J. Whitley ( explosive detection systems ) , Constructing Communities: House, Settlement and society in the Aegean and Beyond, 183-193. British School at Athens. Lukermann, F. and Moody, J. 1978. Nichoria and Vicinity: Colonies and Circulation. In G. Rapp andS. Aschenbrenner ( explosive detection systems ) , Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece: Volume I. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. Mazarakis Ainian, A. 1997. From Rulers Dwellings to Temples: Architecture, Religion and Society in Early Iron Age Greece 1100-700BC. Jonsered: Paul Astroms Forlag. Mazarakis Ainian, A. 1988. Early Grecian Temples: Their Beginning and Function. In R. Hagg, N. Marinatos and G. Nordquist ( explosive detection systems ) , Early Grecian Cult Practice, 105-119. Capital of sweden: Paul Astroms Forlag. Morris, I. 1998. Archaeology and Archaic Greek History. In N. Fisher and H. new wave Wees ( explosive detection systems ) , Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence, 1-91. Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales. Snodgrass, A. 1980. Archaic Greece: The Age of Experiment. London and Toronto: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd. Starr, C. G. 1986. Individual and Community: the Rise of the Polis 800-500BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thomas, C. G. and Conant, C. 1999. Citadel to City State. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Whitley, J. 1991. Style and Society in Dark Age Greece: The Changing Face of a Pre-Literate Society 1100-700BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. How to cite Households and domesticity in ancient world, Essay examples

Design and Construction of Turbine Engines †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Design and Construction of Turbine Engines. Answer: Design and Construction of Turbine Engines: A Review In a turbine engine the entire process of intake, compression, combustion and exhaust takes place inside the combustion chamber simultaneously without any interruption as separate sections are provided for carrying out each function inside the chamber. Major parts of a gas turbine are more or less the same and consists of exhaust section, turbine section, combustion section, compressor section, air inlet, accessories section, sections for fuel supply, lubrication and starting purposes and sections for pressurization, cooling and anti-icing (Anderson, 2009). The main difference between turbine engines are the terminology used by different manufacturers and the type of compressor used. Commonly available types of turbine engine are the high by-pass fan jet, turbo-fan, turbo-prop and turbo-jet (Hunecke, 2010). Based on the type of compressor turbo-jet engines can be divided into two types namely, centrifugal and axial flow turbo-jet engines. The centrifugal flow turbo-engine picks up the air flowing inwards and applies centrifugal action to accelerate it outwards, thereby converting velocity into pressure. The power required by this type of engine could be provided only if the compressor had very large diameter. Both double and single stage impellors have been used to design the compressors. In axial flow turbo-jet engine the flow of air is along its longitudinal axis using a turbine assembly and an axial flow compressor. The pressure of the air taken in by the compressor is increased substantially by passing it through several stages of compression and then passed into the combustion chamber. The compressed air is then mixed with the fuel and ignited which raises the temperature. The by-products expand through the turbine and leave the compressor, in-turn driving it. As the by-products leave the compressor the temperature and pressure falls to reach ambient pressure, producing a high velocity jet as the gas flows through the propelling nozzle. The difference between turboprop and turbojet engines is that there are more stages in turboprop engines and generates more forward power through the gear train and shaft in order to drive the propeller. The exhaust gases which pass through the extra stages help the turbine to provide extra power. Coaxial shafts are used in case of multiple rotor turbines so as to drive the propeller and compressor independently. The turboprop configuration is available in the gear reduction or gearbox assembly which is connected to the torque meter assembly so as to transmit the torque. If the propeller in a turboprop engine is replaced using a duct enclosed axial flow fan, then it is a turbofan turbine (Kroes and Wild 2010). The fan is either mounted on a separate set of blades or on the first stage of compressor blades. Whereas the blades are mounted aft of the turbine wheel or forward of the compressor. This converts more fuel energy to pressure and consequently saves more fuel and in order to provide more power for driving the fan an extra stage has to be added in the turbine and the jet nozzle requires to have a larger area. Forward fan engines use two different duct designs one ducted along the outer case of the engine and the other ducted overboard. Thus the exhaust gases are either directly passed without mixing with the air or are mixed with air and then discharged. References Anderson, K. (2009). Propulsion Plant Accident Investigation. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Hunecke, K. (2010). Jet Engines: Fundamentals of Theory, Design and Operation. Marlborough: The Crowood Press Kroes, M.J. and Wild, T.W. (2010). Aircraft Powerplants (Aviation Technology Series). New Delhi, new Delhi: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Oliver Button Is a Sissy by Tomie dePaola

'Oliver Button Is a Sissy' by Tomie dePaola Oliver Button Is a Sissy, a childrens picture book written and illustrated by Tomie dePaola, is the story of a boy who stands up to bullies not by fighting, but by staying true to himself. The book is particularly recommended  for ages 4-8, but it has also been used successfully with upper elementary and middle school kids in conjunction with discussions about bullying. The Story of  Oliver Button Is a Sissy The story, based on the childhood experiences of Tomie dePaola, is a simple one. Oliver Button doesn’t like sports like the other boys do. He likes to read, draw pictures, dress up in costumes, and sing and dance. Even his father calls him a sissy and tells him to play ball. But Oliver isn’t good at sports and he isn’t interested. His mother tells him he needs to get some exercise, and when Oliver mentions he likes to dance, his parents enroll him in Ms. Leah’s Dancing School. His father says it is, Especially for the exercise. Oliver loves to dance and loves his shiny new tap shoes. However, it hurts his feelings when the other boys make fun of him. One day when he arrives at school, he sees that someone has written on the school wall, Oliver Button Is a sissy. Despite the teasing and bullying, Oliver continues dance lessons. In fact, he increases his practice time in hopes of winning the big talent show. When his teacher encourages the other students to attend and root for Oliver, the boys in his class whisper, Sissy! Although Oliver hopes to win and does not, both of his parents are very proud of his dancing ability. After losing the talent show, Oliver is reluctant to go back to school and be teased and bullied again. Imagine his surprise and delight when he walks into the schoolyard and discovers that someone has crossed out the word sissy on the school wall and added a new word. Now the sign reads, Oliver Button is a star! Author and Illustrator Tomie dePaola Tomie dePaola is known for his childrens picture books and his chapter books. Hes the author and/or illustrator of more than 200 childrens books. These include Patrick, Patron Saint of Ireland  and a number of books, including board books of Mother Goose rhymes, among many others. Book Recommendation Oliver Button Is a Sissy is a wonderful book. Since it was first published in 1979, parents and teachers have shared this picture book with children from four to fourteen. It helps children to get the message that its important for them to do what’s right for them despite teasing and  bullying. Children also begin to understand how important it is not to bully others for being different. Reading the book to your child is an excellent way to start a conversation about bullying. However, whats best about Oliver Button Is a Sissy is that it is a good story that engages childrens interest. It is well written, with wonderful complementary illustrations. It is highly recommended, particularly for kids ages 4-8, but also for elementary and middle school teachers to include in any discussion of bullies and bullying. (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1979. ISBN: 9780156681407)

PGLO LA1 Essay

PGLO LA1 Essay PGLO LA1 Essay PGLO TRANSFORMATION LAB 04/12/14 IDP4U Submitted to: Mrs. Bellissimo Submitted by: Barento Abdushekur Jalani Bennett Daniel Casalinovo Rebecca Fadoju Simon Wong Background Information: Genetic transformation is taking genes from one organism and putting them into another. Genetic transformation is also when a cell takes up (takes inside) and expresses a new piece of genetic material. Genetic transformation literally means change caused by genes and involves the insertion of one or more genes into an organism in order to change the organism’s traits. A gene is a piece of DNA that gives the instructions for making a protein. This protein gives an organism a certain trait. A gene is inserted into an organism in order to change the organism’s trait. This new genetic information often provides the organism with a new trait which is identifiable after transformation. Genetic transformation is used in many areas of biotechnology. In agriculture, genes coding for traits such as frost, or drought resistance can be genetically transformed into plants, therefore allowing the plants to take on those traits. In bioremediation, bacteria can be genetically transformed with genes enabling them to digest oil spills. This was used to great effect during the Gulf Oil Spill. In medicine, genes are treated with gene therapy, genetically transforming a sick person’s cells with healthy copies of the defective gene that causes their disease. Genes can be taken out of many sources, such as human, animal, or plant DNA, and placed inside bacteria. For example, a healthy human gene for the hormone insulin can be put into bacteria. Under the right conditions, these bacteria can make authentic human insulin. By doing this, scientists have created a viable treatment for diabetes. Although this cannot cure diabetes, it is a highly effective management of diabetes. In this lab bacteria will be transformed to contain a gene that codes for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). The real-life source of this gene is a jellyfish called Aequorea Victoria. GFP causes certain areas of the jellyfish to glow in the dark. The gene for GFP was originally isolated from the jellyfish, Aequorea victoria. The wild-type jellyfish gene has been modified by Maxygen Inc., a biotechnology company in Santa Clara, California. After transforming the bacteria, they will express their new jellyfish gene and produce the fluorescent protein. It causes them to glow a brilliant green color under ultraviolet light. Plasmid DNA usually comprises genes for one or more traits that may be useful to bacterial continued existence. In nature, bacteria can transfer plasmids in and out of a cell, therefore allowing them to share these beneficial genes. The plasmid is a circular, autonomously replicating piece of DNA. Purpose: To transform E. coli bacteria by adding plasmids that allow the bacteria to glow green under UV light in the presence of arabinose sugar and grow in the presence of the antibiotic, ampicillin. Hypothesis: The bacteria with +pGLO plasmids are resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin and have the gene for GFP, therefore they will survive and grow on the transformation plates that have LB/amp. +pGLO bacteria on a plate with LB/amp/ara will grow and glow green under UV light because of the inclusion of arabinose. Materials Student Workstation E. coli HB101 K–12, lyophilized 4 poured agar plates (1 LB, 2 LB/amp, 1 LB/amp/ara) Transformation solution LB nutrient broth 7 Incoculation loops 5 Pipets Foam microtube holder/float Container full of crushed ice (foam cup) Marking pen Copy of quick guide Materials at Instructor’s Workstation 1 vial of Rehydrated pGLO plasmid 42 water bath and thermometer 37 incubator Lesson 1 Focus Questions 1. To genetically transform an entire organism, you must insert the new gene(s) into every cell in the organism. Which organism is better suited for total genetic transformation–one composed of many cells, or one composed of a

What Comes With a Continental Breakfast Sample Menu

What Comes With a Continental Breakfast Sample Menu SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're going somewhere that's offering a continental breakfast, you may be confused by the term. What is a continental breakfast, really? Should you be excited for or fearful of it? As someone who has eaten hundreds, if not thousands, of continental breakfasts throughout the world, let me guide you through the ins and outs of this specific meal. I'll explain the continental breakfast, break down a typical continental breakfast menu, and detail the differences between the very worst and the very best continental breakfasts. What Is a Continental Breakfast? A continental breakfast is a light morning meal. It’s served buffet style, and it typically has fewer offerings than a traditional breakfast at a restaurant. Normally, it consists of bread products, fruit, fruit juice, coffee, and tea. Most often, you’ll find continental breakfasts at hotels, motels, and events. As a rule of thumb, a continental breakfast usually doesn't have hot food like eggs or sausages. Products will usually be cold or room temperature. The hotels or motels that provide continental breakfasts will usually offer them for free for their guests from 6-9 or 6-10 in the morning. If you go on vacation, I wish you luck in your attempt to wake up in time to take advantage of the the free continental breakfast. How Did the Term â€Å"Continental Breakfast† Originate? It’s unclear exactly when the term â€Å"continental breakfast† originated, probably in the mid-19th century, but the â€Å"continental† in â€Å"continental breakfast† refers to the countries of continental Europe where light breakfasts were the norm. Makes sense, right? A continental breakfast is supposed to stand in contrast to a standard English breakfast, which is extremely heavy. The standard English breakfast includes eggs, bacon, sausage, toast, and coffee or tea. Additionally, it can include fish, beans, and English pudding. That's a whole lotta food to start your day. The continental breakfast consists of lighter fare and is based primarily on bread products. Continental breakfasts became common at American hotels as more Europeans traveled to the US in the late 19th century, and the hotels tried to meet the tastes and expectations of the tourists. Now, â€Å"continental breakfast† typically refers just as much to the price as the food options. Meals used to be included in the price of traditional American hotels; however, tourists began opting out of the hotel meals, but they still wanted breakfast. Thus, the free continental breakfast was born. What Items Does a Continental Breakfast Include? Here's a rundown of the food items you'll often find in a continental breakfast: Bread Products At the traditional continental breakfast, bread products reign supreme. You can often find donuts, muffins, bread, bagels, croissants, cereal, and pastries. At nicer continental breakfasts, you may be able to feast on waffles, pancakes, or french toast. You'll also have the necessary condiments to enhance your bread products, including butter, cream cheese, and jam/jelly. Fruit Most continental breakfasts provide fruit as a healthier option. Typically, there will be apples and bananas, so you'll be able to get your fiber and potassium. If you're lucky, you'll be able to indulge in melon, pears, grapes, and an assortment of berries. Fruit Juice Another continental breakfast staple is fruit juice. Generally, you'll be able to choose between orange and apple juice. Other possible fruit juice options include cranberry, grapefuit, and grape juice. Coffee and Tea Most continental breakfasts will provide coffee and tea. Ideally, your coffee will be freshly brewed. If you prefer tea, you'll probably have to get yourself some hot water and a tea bag. There should be cream and sweeteners to add some flavor to your hot beverages. Miscellaneous Items Here are some other foods that you'll sometimes see at continental breakfasts: Yogurt Oatmeal Eggs Bacon Sausage Cheese What Makes a Good Continental Breakfast? The quality of a continental breakfast is dependent on the quantity and quality of its offerings. Basically, how many products does it have, and how good are those products? Here are your different levels of continental breakfasts: Bad Continental Breakfast I’ve seen some pretty sad and gross continental breakfasts. The worst ones I’ve seen only provided stale bagels and old cereal. There was no milk (was I expected to eat dry cereal?), no fruit juice, and no freshly brewed coffee. It was obvious that the continental breakfast wasn’t well-maintained and the very limited products weren’t regularly replaced. Standard Continental Breakfast The standard continental breakfast will be well-organized and provide mostly fresh products, but there will be limited offerings. The standard continental breakfast will have some combination of fruit, muffins, bagels, cereal, bread, croissants, pastries, waffles, yogurt, juice, milk, tea, and fresh coffee. Additionally, there will be butter, jam/jelly, cream, and sugar available. Here’s a pic of a standard continental breakfast: You can see the cereal, milk, fruit, and coffee. In the right corner of the pic, it looks like there may be a waffle maker. Most often, you'll have to make your own waffles at the continental breakfast. Good Continental Breakfast The primary factor that separates a standard continental breakfast from a good one is the number of food options. A good continental breakfast looks more like a breakfast buffet at a restaurant. The most impressive breakfast spreads include eggs, bacon, sausage, french toast, and pancakes, in addition to all of the options at a standard continental breakfast. You may even get some fancier breakfast entrees like quiches, omelets, or Eggs Benedict. (To be fair, at this point it stops being a traditional continental breakfast and becomes more of an Everything breakfast.) Look at all these options: Bev Sykes/Flickr How to Do a Continental Breakfast Right As a connoisseur of continental breakfasts, let me advise you on how to make the most out of your free breakfast experience. Step #1: Arrive On Time For many people (myself included), the biggest obstacle to taking advantage of the free continental breakfast is waking up in time to partake in the breakfast fun. Some continental breakfasts end as early as 9:00 AM, and if you're on vacation and have a rare opportunity to sleep in, you may not want to get out of bed before noon. I recommend arriving to the continental breakfast at least 20 minutes before it's supposed to end. If you show up at the last second, hotel staff may be taking away items as you're trying to serve yourself. You also want to give yourself enough time to get seconds. If you love breakfast, but you aren't ready to start your day during the designated breakfast hours, you can always grab your continental breakfast, take it back to your room, eat, and then head back to dream land. That's a savvy move. Step #2: Survey Your Options Before grabbing food, see what’s available and briefly inspect your options. Even though continental breakfasts are all-you-can-eat, it’s better not to take food you’re not going to eat or won’t like. For example, you may typically like bagels and fruit, but often, the bagels and fruit at the continental breakfast are far from fresh. I’ve seen some continental breakfast bananas that look a few months old and bagels that were hard enough to break a car window. I love eggs, but there are continental breakfast eggs that are as rubbery as car tires. You’ll probably have the most enjoyable meal by selecting the highest quality products available. Step #3: Consider Your Goals Think about what you’re trying to get out of this meal. Do you want the tastiest meal possible? Generally, this is my goal at the continental breakfast. I want to satisfy my hunger and enjoy my food. If you’re like me, you’ll probably want to look for the muffins, donuts, or pastries at a standard continental breakfast. If you have the patience, making your own waffle is also a good call. If you’re at a good continental breakfast, you’ll want eggs and meat. My ideal continental breakfast is eggs, bacon, sausage, two muffins, a donut, and apple juice. Yummy. Are you trying to gain muscle or lose weight? If you’re looking to add muscle or lose weight, go for lean protein and fruit. Hard boiled eggs, turkey bacon, oatmeal, yogurt, and fruit would be ideal options for you. Do you want a combo of healthy and tasty? For healthy and tasty, I recommend a moderately-sized balanced meal. As an example, you can do a bagel with low-fat cream cheese, fruit, eggs, and yogurt. For your beverage, try to stick to water, but if you need some caffeine, take it easy on the sweeteners. Step #4: Take a Little Less Than You Plan on Eating I think we’re all guilty of letting our eyes be bigger than our stomachs. If you hit up the continental breakfast when you’re rather hungry, you’re likely to get too much food. You don’t want to waste food, and you don’t want to eat so much that you feel bad when you’re done. Admittedly, I’ve been guilty of gluttony and needed to lay down after five donuts, six sausage links, and five pieces of bacon. Remember the continental breakfast is all-you-can-eat. If you’re still hungry after your first plate, you can always return for seconds. Step #5: Lower Your Expectations Because the continental breakfast is usually free, don’t expect world-class food. If you’re a food snob who can only enjoy the finest of foods, you’ll undoubtedly be disappointed at any continental breakfast. If you go in just hoping for bread that isn’t stale and food that tastes better than stale bread, you have a good chance of being pleased with your continental breakfast. If the food is free, remind yourself that free food is the most delicious. It’s very possible to get a satisfying meal with pretty good food at a continental breakfast, and it’s free and all-you-can-eat. Nothing wrong with that.

Sir Edward Lutyens Background and analysis of the work of this 20th Essay

Sir Edward Lutyens Background and analysis of the work of this 20th Century Architect - Essay Example Lutyens was responsible for many notable buildings. He designed the Art Gallery in Johannesburg, the British Embassy in Washington, both Oxford and Cambridge University buildings and the Irish National War Memorial in Dublin, among many others. He quickly demonstrated a mastery of Baroque architecture, often embracing classical styles of design as well as the design of New Delhi. Many of his works can still be visited today. The 19th and 20th centuries were a part of a very important era in architecture. One of the great architects of today use the works that were created during this era as inspiration for their own work. Many of the buildings that are seen through out America as well as other countries comes from the influence that this era has had on architecture as a whole. One of these very influential architects that are so often used for inspiration today is Sir Edwin Lutyens. He is often noted for this his contribution to building design for his and other eras to come. Sir Edwin Lutyens was a prominent architect of the late 19th and early 20th century. In fact, he may have been one of the most important English architects of the early twentieth century. He was influenced greatly by traditional styles and building methods. Sir Edward Lutyens was brought up by bohemian parents in the village of Thursley, West Surrey. As a child, Lutyens was diagnosed with rheumatic fever and was not able to attend school or to play with the other children. It could be argued that this is one reason for his fascination with children. At the age of 16, in 1885, Lutyens was enrolled at the Royal College of Art to study architecture. He later studied Architecture at South Kensington School of Art, London from 1885 to 1887. After college he joined the Ernest George and Harold Ainsworth Peto architectural practice. In 1889, at the age of 20, he set up an independent practice in London. He initially built his practice designing houses for the villagers who couldn't afford estate homes. His first commission was a private house at Crooksbury, Farnham, Surrey. Lutyens was often described as a whimsical person who was often very playful, even on solemn occasions. He was also seen as a passionate advocate for the state of "childhood". In dedication to this passion, as one of his 20th century works, Lutyens proposed a circular nursery for a client's home because he felt that only such a shape could ensure that no child would ever be made to stand in the corner. He often used circular shapes in his architecture as a sign of equality in society. In addition to his own works, Lutyens contributed to another childhood icon by creating the fairy-tale characters Nana, the governess dog and the ticking crocodile in the Peter Pan tale. Lutyens' talent was publicly recognized with his election as Associate of the Royal Academy in 1913. Five years later, on New Years Day 1918, he was knighted in recognition of his work in Delhi and for his free services to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. In 1921, Lutyens was awarded

Mergers & Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mergers & Acquisitions - Essay Example â€Å"Mergers and acquisitions represent the ultimate in change for a business No other event is more difficult, challenging, or chaotic as a merger and acquisition. It is imperative that everyone involved in the process has a clear understanding of how the process works†. Since the past decade, the globalisation of the businesses across the globe has initiated a search for the competitive advantage, worldwide. With the increased competition to fetch the customer satisfaction in a cost effective way, the companies have responded to the pressure of attaining scale in a quickly consolidating global economy. In addition to some other trends, such as privatisation, deregulation and corporate restructuring, globalisation has encouraged an unparalleled surge in the cross-border merger and the acquisition activities.Cross-border consolidation activities are a significant component of global business operations.This report will look into the mergers and acquisitions of companies in th e light of current issues. For better understanding, the analysis would be done in the light of relevant theories and applications with the mention of specific examples in the arena of merger and acquisitions. Through ‘merger’, two companies would join together to create a new company.Acquisition refers to one company taking over the assets of another company. Merger and acquisition can be of three types: Horizontal, Vertical and Conglomerate. In horizontal mergers and acquisitions, two firms, involved, deal across similar products and services. This type of mergers and acquisitions is frequently used as the mean for an organisation to enhance the market share through getting into merger with a competing firm or by acquiring the same. For an instance, consolidation among Mobil and Exxon would allow these companies to attain a large chunk of share in the oil and gas market. Vertical mergers and acquisitions happen when two organisations are merged through the value-chain , such as any manufacturer firm merging with one supplier or a manufacturer acquiring its supplier firm. Vertical consolidation processes are mostly used as significant mean to gain the competitive advantage in the respective marketplace by leveraging on the value chain. For an instance, Merck, a leading pharmaceuticals manufacturer, merged with the leading pharmaceuticals distributor, Medco. This was done to fetch the benefits in products distribution. Consolidations are conglomerate when two firms from entirely dissimilar industries merge. For an instance, a gas pipeline organisation merging with high technology organisation or acquiring the same can be seemed as a conglomerate merger. Conglomerates are mostly used as significant mean to smooth out broad fluctuations in the revenue amount and offer more constancy in the growth in long-term. Typically, organisations in the mature industries which have poor growth prospects would seek to broaden their businesses horizons through mer gers and acquisitions. For an instance, General Electric has diversified its business through merger and acquisition activities. GE has got into new segments like television broadcasting and financial services through a number of mergers and acquisitions of the financial services and entertainment organisations. Mergers and Acquisitions in United Kingdom United Kingdom has been the host of a number of mergers and acquisitions. The value of UK domestic acquisitions in the third quarter, 2010, amounted to ?2.6 billion which is slightly up

The Boeing Company Essay Example for Free

The Boeing Company Essay Soon to celebrate a 100-year anniversary, The Boeing Company was founded in 1916 and had 28 people on its payroll. Today, The Boeing Company has more than 170,000 employees, in 50 states and 70 countries and is the largest manufacturer of commercial airplanes and military aircraft (â€Å"The Boeing Company,† 2012). Boeing is structured around a business model that sets it apart from other companies. This model consists of six parts. They are chart the course, set high expectations, inspire others, find a way, live Boeing values, and deliver results. These six parts fall into the four categories of trust, conflict resolution, commitment, and accountability. Every Boeing facility adheres to this model, whether it is the Commercial Division or the Defense/Space Division. This is called the â€Å"One Boeing† approach with everyone working together for the common goal. Following this business model has allowed Boeing to become an industry leader. Employees are encouraged to work together and to trust and respect one another. Communications are expected to be honest, candid, and open. Above all, integrity and ethics are insisted upon. Every employee makes an ethics commitment each year. Boeing fosters an atmosphere were issues are focused on, not titles or positions. New ideas and ways to do things are welcomed and implemented if possible. Goals and objectives are clear and teams work together to define steps to get there. Quality is also focused upon an expected. If a quality defect is found, Boeing and its employees step up immediately even when it is uncomfortable to do so because it is the right thing to do, always. Diversity is celebrated and each person’s skills and strengths are added to the knowledge base. Even though there is an official hierarchy, Boeing continues its cultural theme into communication by keeping an open-door policy. Employees know that they can take their questions and concerns to anyone, even the president and CEO of Boeing, without fear of retribution. Internally, employees receive news updates every day via e-mail. These updates may include information on new customer contracts or aircraft deliveries, or they may include articles on individual or team accomplishments. There are weekly and monthly video broadcasts within each division, Commercial and Defense, that give a status of the company and on-going projects. Externally, Boeing maintains an extensive public website, advertises in magazines and on television (with actual employees doing the acting), and even publishes its own Frontiers magazine that is available to the public online and printed for customers, suppliers, and employees (â€Å"Frontiers Online Magazine,† 2012). Boeing sites also support their local communities. Employees volunteer their time with many charities and events, such as Earth Day clean-up projects, Habitat for Humanity, food banks, and education programs with local school children. When recent, weather related, incidents tore through the Midwest and damaged some of the homes of its employees, Boeing sites around the country immediately pooled together to send household goods and monies to help their fellow coworkers. Sites near to the affected areas sent people to help. It is not unusual for the Boeing family to pull together to help each other. The company’s core values are not just a flowery statement to satisfy customers and shareholders. Boeing’s values are the core of its business and its employees. There was recently a defective electrical panel found on a military aircraft as it was about to take its first flight. Boeing employees were mobilized within minutes of notification and had a replacement unit en route within an hour. An investigation was conducted and safeguards put in place to ensure the error never occurred again. In April 2011, a Southwest Airlines plane made an emergency landing in Arizona when a hole developed in the fuselage. Within minutes of the incident, thousands of Boeing personnel were already working on the problem. That particular airplane had been in service for 15 years, yet every Boeing employee stepped up to stand behind the product. These examples illustrate that Boeing and its employees live the Boeing values every day. With an established organizational culture that emphasizes working together as one cohesive unit and with open honest communications, it is no wonder that Boeing and its employees have set themselves apart as an industry leader. As stated on the Boeing website, â€Å"†¦our culture mirrors the heritage of aviation itself, built on a foundation of innovation, aspiration and imagination.

Women in Buddhism Essay -- essays papers

Women in Buddhism â€Å"The men may have started this war, but the women are running it.† In the beginning of the war, around 1941, most American women lived as their mothers previously had. Women were supposed to have jobs just until they were married and those who did work after they were married or were mothers were regarded with a sense of pity and scorn from society. In a pre-war poll, 82 percent of Americans believed a wife should not work if her husband did. A majority of Americans believed there should have been a law to prohibit it since rural and city women, alike spent about 50 hours a week on household chores alone. When the war began it became apparent that more workers were needed. However, women were among the last groups hired. Managers believed that women would take more interest in male workers than they would with the factory machines. As the war progressed and more men were shipped out for military duty, all the men that could work in the United States were so there was no other choice but to hire women. In response the need for more workers, 6.5 million women entered the work force. Factories and companies, as well as special branches of military service tried to lure women into taking jobs by comparing the housework they did everyday to the work they would be doing in their new jobs. One billboard even stated, â€Å"If you’ve followed the recipes in making cakes, you can learn to load a shell.† Women in America accounted for ...

Introduction to Starbucks

Introduction Starbucks first opened in 1971 in Seattle’s pike place market as a single store and at that time it was a merchant of whole bean and ground coffee, tea and spices. The name Starbucks was given after the first mate in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick and there logo was motivated by the sea- featuring a twin tailed siren taken from Greek mythology. Howard Schultz is the Starbucks president and chief executive officer and he joined the company in 1982 and then for a short time left the company to start his own coffeehouses in Italy but then later in August 1987 he bought Starbucks with the help of other investors.Now Starbucks has 17,651 (as of July1, 2012) total number of stores all over the world in places like Bahrain, Australia, Canada, Taiwan and Egypt and so on, plus they offer just more than whole bean and ground coffee, tea and spices, they now also offer handcrafted beverages such as hot and iced espresso, merchandises such as mugs, fresh food such as sand wiches and also offer ready to drink products such as bottled frapuccinos. Starbucks mission till date has been to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time.One of the reasons why Starbucks remains popular for its coffee is that their coffee buyers individually travel to coffee farms in Latin America, Africa and Asia to select the best quality beans. In addition to that Starbucks is a responsible company which does not only consider profits but also looks factors such as principled sourcing which is helping farmers for a stable future and a stable climate for the world and another factor being environmentally friendly. Starbucks by 2015 will completely be environmentally friendly hence all its cups will be re-useable or recyclable.

Hamlet’s Characterisation Essay

The aspect of Shakespeare’s Hamlet that is most interesting to me is the playwright’s intimate depiction of Hamlet’s daily struggle againt the world. Through soliloquies and characterisation, we see that Hamlet’s world is a cold, political one, unreceptive to his grief, and this fundamental incompatibility is ultimately what creates and drives the play’s great drama behind his struggle, his murderous plot, uncertainty, and finally his thoughtful, accepting resolve at the end of the play. Early in the play we see this great incompatibility between Hamlet and his society emerging, as he, stricken with grief, is surrounded by cold political plotters. Shakespeare revels in his use of irony, as Claudius utters the oxymoron â€Å"lawful espials†, and Polonius, evangelising that â€Å"this above all else: to thine own self be true†, endeavours with â€Å"this bait of falsehood† to â€Å"by indirections find directions out† and thus â€Å"take this carp of truth†. Hamlet continues this tradition of fish-related metaphors in accusing Polonius of being a â€Å"fishmonger†, a claim which reflects his own struggle to comprehend how cold and contriving his society is. Hamlet even wonders how â€Å"a beast that wants discourse of reason would have mourned longer† than his mother, Gertrude, the â€Å"pernicious woman† whose â€Å"salt of most unrighteous tears† falls from merely â€Å"galled eyes†. That she could be â€Å"like Niobe† is a twisted classical allusion which adds to the sentiment of tension which Hamlet feels against his society, which, in the disillusioned wake of his grief, he has found is superficial and immoral, especially as â€Å"one may smile, and smile, and be a villain†, while â€Å"virtue itself of vice must beg† and â€Å"rank corruption†¦mining within†¦infects unseen†. Thus this great tension forms an integral part of the early part of the play and drives the drama which underlies Hamlet’s characterisation, and his struggle to find where he belongs in this morally void society. Hamlet’s soililoquy at the end of Act II reveals how this tension has acted upon his soul. He questions his own sanity, asking if it is, in fact, the â€Å"pleasing shape† of the devil, which â€Å"abuses me to damn me†. This particular tension between Hamlet and his world is what reveals several important character elements in Hamlet. That the Player could invoke such passion in such a superficial â€Å"fiction†, and â€Å"for Hecuba† at that, while Hamlet sits statically racked with indecision, is reflective of the superficiality which frustrates him and drives him to see imself as a â€Å"dull and muddy-mettled rascal†. It drives him inwards to consider what kind of person he is, and how best to resolve the tension which has evolved as a result of his society’s immorality. Yet as the soliloquy changes tone dramatically, and marked by Hamlet’s cry of â€Å"Oh, vengeance! †, the apostrophic appeal to Nemesis herself reve als an early attempt to break free from these chains of indecision and uncertainty set upon him due to his struggle. Thus the tension between him and his immoral peers is what ultimately produces this first change of heart, from â€Å"pigeon-livered† to the successful invocation of the mythical figure, the â€Å"rugged Pyrrhus†, out to â€Å"drink hot blood†, whom he struggled to portray and rehearse earlier in the scene. That the tension is so central to this first episode of self-realisation, and subsequent ascents to personal conviction, reflects how truly crucial his struggle and journey towards self-understanding is to Hamlet’s textual integrity. Hamlet’s obsession with death, beginning with the Act III soliloquy not long after, is another seeming affliction brought on by this grievous tension with the world around our hero. That the world could so easily forget a human life, and that this life was that of a king, brings on a deep sense of aporia for the young prince, as he struggles to reconcile the significance of life with the great ease with which it is forgotten when lost. His turn to â€Å"what dreams may come when we have shuffled off this mortal coil† forms part of the plaintive introspection revealed by this soliloquy as he searches for truth, away from the â€Å"pangs of disprized love† for which he was informed that â€Å"to persever in obstinate condolement is†¦unmanly grief†. His obsession with death throughout the play and in this soliloquy is hence marked as a decided escape from the constant tension with his society and its many unknowable uncertainties, as portrayed by a play whose opening line is â€Å"who’s there! †. Death plays the role of the only certain, pure truth, as symbolised by the memento mori of Act V, the skull held in Hamlet’s hand which in all its graspable physicality and feeble perishability becomes a source of finality, and certainty for the young prince. His tension with society is characterised by great inaction and uncertain angst, but in death, all souls return to absolute dust. Whether they bear the â€Å"pate of a politician† or the â€Å"skull of a lawyer† is insignificant in this regard, for â€Å"e’en so†, even the great Alexander â€Å"looked o’ this fashion i’th’earth†. He finds great solace in the promise of this finality away from the contrarious moods of his â€Å"comrades†. This characterises the self-reckoning which ultimately leads him to his final resolvel and faith by which he stands ready to once more face his society and his fate, whatever it may be. With this sentiment he remarks â€Å"there is Providence in the fall of a sparrow†¦let be†. Lastly, Hamlet and Ophelia’s relationship with the world reveal analogous tensions which manifest in different ways and provide interesting insights into the dramatic consequences of this tension. Ophelia and Hamlet’s relationship is torn apart by Polonius’ meddling. Hamlet’s proclamation that â€Å"frailty, thy name is woman! † foreshadows the way that we soon see Ophelia being influenced to a great extent by her filial, obedient devotion to Polonius, so much so that, struggling to reconcile her personal integrity and her duty to her family, she descends into her own madness, â€Å"divided from herself and her fair judgment, without the which we are pictures, or mere beasts†. Polonius, the â€Å"fishmonger†, tells her that her love is that of â€Å"a green girl†, and her submission to such worldly expectations is what begets her destruction. Yet even in her insanity she finds a resolve which, though markedly more frenzied, mirrors Hamlet’s own. Her flowers are each symbols of denouncement of the court’s treacherous figures, whose â€Å"rue with a difference† Ophelia insists they must acknowledge for their most distressing actions. There is thus a great tension which arises out of the persistent degradation of the lovers’ relationship, and their final destruction at the hands of Laertes for Hamlet, and in the river for Ophelia. These elements are undeniably integral elements of the play which drive its enduring drama and converge to form a crucial part of Hamlet’s textual integrity. Thus we can see that the tension of the world, manipulative, cold and immoral, as it acts on the fundamentally honest, if perhaps naive prince, is the source of the great drama which underpins Hamlet’s struggle through the play to pit his own psyche against that of his peers. This tension time and time again proves to be central to a true consideration and understanding of Hamlet’s episodes of character evolution which sees him descend into the murky depths of his world’s uncertainty. It is only with the realisation and grasping of truth, whether he finds this in the finality of death or the power of fate, that Hamlet ascends once more to the safe anchorage of sanity and resolve, and finds the courage and conviction needed to face his society once more, and finally his death.

Street Crime essays

Street Crime essays Is Street Crime More Harmful than White Collar Crime? By general definition, a crime is a wronging, proclaimed by law against society. All acts of disobeying the law are crimes. Be it an assault or embezzlement one has committed a wrong. Yet we have learned values and morals from our surroundings which gave us concepts of the degree of harm pertaining to a particular crime. From our being submerged in a culture, our concept of crime is usually that of a physical one. We as a society, generally conjure images of a personal assault on oneself when defining the concept of a crime. Very rarely would ones first connotation of crime be of an executive of a large firm stealing money from the business. We as a society, generally define our concepts by our surroundings. Society is more frequently exposed to street crimes. It is very rare that a day goes by that we do not learn a murder, physical attack or robbery through the media. Those so called street crimes effect our neighborhoods and society everyday. Those crimes are contrib uting to the destruction of society, our cities, our streets. The street crime is the most harmful of crimes, it is responsible for the disintegration of society as we know it. To demonstrate the harm caused by society by street crime, one has to look no further than to inner city neighborhoods. Street crimes are responsible for injuries, death, sexual assaults and the loss of personal property through force. They can also be attributed to the decline of local business and the drop in education and pride in ones communities as well. In the lower economic neighborhoods, many resort to crime for financial reasons. Members of the community sell drugs or rob as means of support. These deviants do not inflict these crimes on neighborhoods other than their own. This is the major reason why street crime is so harmful. The members of society through their illegal actions are destroying society. ...

Quantify References to Elapsed Time

Quantify References to Elapsed Time Quantify References to Elapsed Time Quantify References to Elapsed Time By Mark Nichol A writer’s book-jacket bio mentions that she’s been a reporter for fifteen years. An online product review refers to a device having been launched last fall. Your blog relates that you attended a conference the previous month. What’s wrong with each of these descriptions? They all assume the reader is trapped in temporal stasis. By the time the book comes out, the bio’s reference to the writer’s tenure will be outdated. When someone checks it out from a library or picks it up at a used-book store five years later, it will be even more so. The solution? â€Å"Jane Doe has been a reporter since 1996.† Anyone researching the product online who comes across the review may miss the small, obscure dateline and assume the device came on the market the previous fall, when it may in fact be years old. The solution? â€Å"The Wacky Widget, launched in fall 2010, still tops the market in quality.† Visitors reading your blog’s archives will wonder why you misidentified the time of year when a well-known conference takes place. The solution? â€Å"I had an interesting experience at the July 2011 OMG conference.† None of these errors is serious, but they are all errors, and they are all easily avoided. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of Adjectives50 Idioms About Roads and PathsThe Difference Between "Phonics" and "Phonetics"

How Information Technology has Improved Management Process Research Paper

How Information Technology has Improved Management Process - Research Paper Example Following are some definitions. As described by Nirav S., management processes are defined as those processes which are performed by managers. Managers are commonly involved in planning, organizing, directing, motivating, controlling and decision-making. (Nirav, 2012) Management processes can be of many types and have many aspects attached to them. Information Technology: As per the free dictionary, Information Technology is defined as the development, installation, and implementation of computer systems and applications. (â€Å"Information Technology†, 2009) Information technology has affected organization and organization processes in many ways. It has changed the basic management approach by enabling them to access data from multiple sources at one time and then use this data in their basic functions of planning, controlling, decision making, leadership etc. As laid down by Eatock, Paul and Serrano in their research paper IT is considered one of the most important enablers of process change. (Eatock, Paul & Serrano, 2000) As described by Garvin there are three approaches to organization processes explained in the table below. EXHIBIT 1 An Organizational Processes Framework Work Processes Behavioral Processes Change Processes Definition Sequences of activities that transform inputs into outputs. Widely shared patterns of behavior and ways of acting / interacting. Sequences of events over time. Role Accomplish the work of the organization. Infuse and shape the way work is conducted by influencing how individuals and groups behave. Alter the scale, character, and identity of the organization. Major Categories Operational and administrative. Individual and personal. Autonomous and induced, incremental and revolutionary. Examples New product development, order fulfillment, strategic planning. Decision making, communication, organizational learning. Creation, growth, transformation, and decline. (Garvin, 1998) Management Processes In this part the managemen t processes are discussed in detail and a step by step approach to management processes before and after the implementation of Information Technology is discussed and compared so as to arrive at the advantages Information Technology has brought for the managers in carrying out the main management processes and decisions. There can be many types of management process like work processes, behavioral processes, and change process. However, all the said management processes are undertaken in the same step by step approach. As highlighted by Garvin, common examples of processes include new-product development, order fulfillment, and customer service; less obvious but equally legitimate candidates are resource allocation and decision making. (Garvin, 1998)

Airline Industry in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Airline Industry in India - Essay Example This Act ensured that IAC and AI had a monopoly over the Indian skies. This trend will be driven by the economic expansion India, according to IATA. The organization also said that cargo volume, which follows the trends in world trade, is also likely to see a 6% annual increase in 2004-2008.The forecasts were released as a part of IATA's year-end outlook, Reuters reported. IATA also predicted that India will be the world's second fastest growing market for air travel after China. According to the organization India is likely to lead the global economic expansion for the foreseeable future and this will create long-haul business traffic to and from North America, while the growth in air travel between North America and India is expected to exceed 10%. Three former Soviet Bloc countries will also be among the five fastest growing passenger markets during the period, with Poland at 5% Hungary at 9.6% and the Czech Republic at 9.1%, which is just behind United Arab Emirates at 9.3%. The UAE is fourth on IATA's forecast list of the fastest growing passenger markets. While the Indian airline industry is viewed as immature, it has incredible growth potential. In fact, observers say it will boast a growth rate among the highest in the world, and will eventually have the largest domestic market outside the U.S. and China. All four of the major Indian airlines are believed to ... In fact, observers say it will boast a growth rate among the highest in the world, and will eventually have the largest domestic market outside the U.S. and China. All four of the major Indian airlines are believed to be discussing aircraft acquisitions with manufacturers. The planned partial privatization of government-owned airlines is expected to provide greater impetus to future growth, Ian Thomas of the Center for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) told World Airline News, but will also delay immediate purchasing plans. Airbus Industry recently gave a presentation in Delhi and Mumbai at which it presented its demand predictions for the Indian market. Airbus research indicates that the major Indian carriers will have to buy 222 airliners with 100 seats or more worth about US$7.5 billion in the next 20 years, and that fleet sizes will more than double from 112 aircraft at the end of 1999 to 236 by 2019. Scope for Airline Industry Expansion in India India's civil aviation industry will need to purchase 490 aircraft over the next 20 years, according Dinesh Keskar, vice-president for sales at Boeing. According to estimates from the aircraft manufacturer, falling ticket prices and an increase in passenger traffic will cause an increase in the demand for aircraft. Keskar told Reuters that the passenger traffic in India is likely to increase by 20% over the next three to four years. The Indian authorities have reportedly said that the domestic and international air traffic will increase by about 20% annually, due to investments from the government and private sector. The investments have been estimated at USD20bn over the next five years and the increase of aircraft numbers is expected to double the number of civilian

Answer Fences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer Fences - Essay Example This is a clear indication of the racial discrimination that exists between the black community and whites in the US. It is for this reason that Troy prevents his son from participating in sports. He approaches the school team coach and warns him about his son’s involvement in the team. In addition to this, he cancels the white man’s trip from North Carolina to recruit his son. Cory is extremely furious about his dad’s resistance and insists that he will not leave the school team. It is a clear indication that Troy has some experience with discrimination. Rose Cory’s mother pleads with him to allow their son to participate in sports. She says, â€Å"Why don’t you let the boy go ahead play football, Troy? Ain’t no harm in that. He’s just trying to be like you with the sports†. Bono depicts racial discrimination when he says â€Å"†¦my granddaddy used to pull his teeth with plier. They ain’t had no dentists for the co lored folks back then†. Elements of corruption also exist in the play when Troy sets a man free buy paying

Working in groups vs Individually

Working in groups vs Individually In this essay various aspects of working in a group vs. working individually will be discussed. The idea here will be to study the pros and cons with relation to the particular individual and not to the group of which he is a part. First we will try to understand the dynamics of working in a group vis a vis individual, then understand the various issues involved in working as a part of the group. We would also see as to how those issues will be influencing the person, be it in the positive side or being a hindrance and also support the argument by stating prior personal experiences. Introduction:- Remember last time when you had to do a project, how did you go about doing it? You must have contemplated doing it by many ways. But some thing that comes to mind at the beginning is either individually or in a group. Every body by de facto knows what it is to be individual and perform a task individually, as he is the only person who is doing the task. But what is group and how it is formed and what are the dynamics involved in it is something we are about to discuss below. So what is a group, it may be defined as a collection of several people who come together to do a particular task or goal. And the group dynamics refer to the characteristic of a group behavior and attitude. The basic concern of group dynamics is about the structure formation and functions of the group. In any organization groups are very common entity and hence their dynamics and deep understanding of the group is important in organisational behavior (Kirschner 2009). Group dynamics basically deals with why and how groups are formed and developed. In order to explain the same many theories have been proposed. One classic theory developed by George Homans (1961), states that all groups are basically functioning of their activities, interactions and sentiments. And all the group theories professes that when individual persons share common activities, they get interactions among them and will develop either positive or negative attitudes towards each other. The groups can also be of va rious types based on how and why they are formed, that is basically we may put them in two categories like Formal and Informal groups. Formal Groups are formed to achieve specific organizational requirements such as a command group, tasks group, or functional groups. Where as the informal groups are formed by association of members based on their own interest or social activities. More or less the informal groups are involuntary associations (Mullins 2002). Coming to the main issue of whether or not working in the group is going to be beneficial or not to us will be depending largely on the group structure, which is nothing but the relationships among the members that help and hold the group together in achieving the assigned goals. The structure of the group can be defined in a many ways; common among them would be to take reference to their Size, Norms, Roles And Cohesiveness. Group Size:- A group can be of any size ranging from two persons to a collection of large people, however small groups of size 2 to 10 are considered more efficient in their job performance as it allows active and positive interactions between the groups and also has least chance of negative synergy. Usually large groups involve a lot of confusion and chaos leading to waste of time in deciding which process to be done and who should be doing it. The group size thus not only affects the group participation but also effects the satisfaction of the members. Group Roles:- In case of formal groups the roles and functions of the group members are all assigned as per pre-plan, in which each role will have specific duties and responsibilities to perform. Even though these are predetermined, some times new kind of roles also emerge in between and then it needs to be created and assigned to the already existing roles of the members. And these new roles often will be replacing the existing roles of the members who will be starting to be more assertive and start expressing themselves (Schwarzer 2007). Group Norms:- Mullins (2002) defined A group norm is an assumption or expectation held by group members concerning what kind of behaviour is right or wrong, good or bad, allowed or not allowed, and appropriate or not appropriate. They are the common behavioral patterns which are exhibited by all the members of the group. The basic reason behind the creation of these norms is to facilitate the group survival, and to make the group behavior more predictable and organized. Group Cohesiveness:- The Social interaction is a very common and natural human behaviour. The aspect of group cohesiveness reflects how badly the members of the group want to be together and the bond that exists among them. The amount of group cohesiveness is determined by a lot of factors. By normal conviction, the more difficult to be a group member, the more cohesive that group is considered to be. One more reason when a group tends to get more cohesive is when they are in tense competition from other groups or may be some external threat to their own survival. The basic thumb rule is the groups which are in small size and those which spend more time together tend to be more cohesive. The cohesiveness in work groups has many positives, like increases worker satisfaction, low turnover and absenteeism, thus leading to higher productivity (Argyle 1989). On the other hand high cohesiveness in groups at times may lead to detrimental effects also if the goals of the group are misalign with the organisationa l goals. Higher cohesiveness results in individual pressure on one another to abide to a common conclusion while making decisions, which will lead to a careless judgments and unrealistic appraisals of alternatives (Revenson 2005). After having seen the dynamics of group, we will now understand the issues on which we are going to make a critical analysis of the pros and cons of group work. These issues are like Social support, group norms, peer pressure and conflicts. Social Support:- Social support is nothing but the physical and emotional comfort given and shown by our friends, family and colleagues. This basically is all about knowing that we are all a part of the larger community of people, who care and think for us and are concerned about our well being. And the critical part of this support is that unless the receiver of the support views it a support, the communicative experience or message extended to him would not be considered as support. The social support can be understood in a variety of ways like, assistance or exchanging resources. Peer Pressure:- By peer pressure it refers to the influence or pressure exerted by a peer group in encouraging an individual in changing ones attitudes, values or behavior so that he or she confirms to the group norms. The social groups influenced by the peers include formal groups like political party, trade union or informal groups like a social clique. However a person who is affected by the peer pressure may or may not wish to continue with the group. This would also help persons in finding out if they really belong to the group, which would lead to adverse affects of the groups behavior (Steinberg 2007). Conflict:- A Conflict is a perceived difference of opinion or action of course on any issue. It is usually a dichotomy of actions for a goal to be achieved. It could be a simple intra personal conflict existing in a person or an interpersonal conflict that is appearing between two individuals or a group and an individual. It can also be between one group and another group (Brem 1995). Basically there are three different types of conflicts existing, like go- go situation, where you want to do both the actions, where as you will have a chance to make only one selection. The other two types are go- no go type of conflicts and the third one being -no go- no go type, where you dont want to take either of the decisions but still you want to make one choice. All conflicts in group are because of common resources which by their very nature are limited. By convention all conflicts are not counter productive. A conflict when used and controlled in the right way will be helping a great deal in increasing the productivity of the group. On the other hand, when not handled properly a conflict can have spiraling effect and can bring down an individual dignity and collapse the whole group (Managing Conflict within or between Groups, Australia). Hawthorne Studies:- The term was coined by Henry A. Landsberger (1955) while he was analyzing older experiments from 1924-1932 at the Hawthorne Works (A Western Electric factory outside Chicago). Hawthorne Works had commissioned a study to observe the efficiency of the workers under various stimuli both external and internal, which included physical working environment and also the group structures. Light was one such factor on which the effects were studied, to see if the workers would become more productive in higher or lower levels of light. The workers productivity has improved when changes were made and slumped when the study was concluded. It was observed that the gain in productivity is more due to the fact that they are being observed rather than the actual experiment itself. This Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity where in subjects improve an aspect of their behavior by being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they are being studied and part of social investigatio n, not in response to any particular experimental manipulation. Advantages And Disadvantages:- Having studied the various theoretical aspects on which we are going to critically analyze the advantages and disadvantages, we will now enlist the various experiences both personal and compiled from others. Either the choices whether group or individual has its advantages and disadvantages. An introvert that I am, working alone sometimes is more beneficial to me than in a group. It is admitted that, working in groups has many benefits. With our partners, the project can be finished quicker. For example, when I was studying in university my final project was on Implementation of Stenography using BPCS. We were a group of 4 individuals working on this project and we have assigned different tasks to each person of the group. This has made the division of work more efficient thus accomplishing the task was much easier and faster. This was a good way to improve our knowledge, presentation skills and learn from each other, since every one has a different skill set and ideas to implement. At the same time we had few challenges working as a team, such as one person had he own ideas and would not coincide/compromise with rest of the team and some of us had issue with the time being spent on the project and so on. But at the end of the day we kept our difference away and worked as a team to finish the project successfully. On the other hand working individually also has some different kinds of advantages. The first major advantage that comes to mind is that we can work independent of any other person and dont have to rely on others. While working alone, we have the freedom of using our own methods and work at our own pace and convenience. Working independently gives us the confidence to make our own decisions, based on our experience and expertise on our work. Moreover, we can manage our time and resources better when we work by ourselves. From my experiences of working individually and also in a group, working individual always gave me success and the ability and knowledge to learn new things. As I am an introverted person, I didnt find much joy doing job in a group. However I felt that I was not having any new innovative or divergent ways of working, which other wise would have made me to do a better job by being a part of the group. Lets discuss how working in a group can enrich you individually as a person, while still being a part of the group. Just as said that many hands would make the job easier, we can achieve more as a collection of individuals rather than individually. There are numerous benefits of working as a part of a team, some of them can be stated as below 1. Creativity Every body is born with a different skill sets, knowledge and personal attributes. When in a group different people with different ideas come together and more creative and innovative ideas are generated, which will help us in enriching our knowledge and may be use them for our future endeavors. 2. Satisfaction As a team keeps on interacting more and more they tend to be more cohesive and enjoy the success of one another which leads to a greater satisfaction and team success. 3. Skills No individual is born with all the skills required for doing every thing. So when we are in a team we can make use of the pool of skills from the group for implementing the job more easily. 4. Speed When there is a need to do a big job, it would take a lot of time in finishing it, if everything has to be done by ourselves. However when the same job is performed by a team, there is an advantage of job sharing, and the same job can be assigned to members of the team, where in the job is completed at a much faster pace. For example, if we look at my final year project I mentioned earlier and if I had to do everything myself it would have taken long time, but since we separated the task and worked as a team we could finish it quickly with a great success. Working in a team also has few disadvantages, which are usually hard to see them in our everyday work. When working in a team there will not be any individual losers or winners and no one can be blamed or no one can feel good of having achieved some thing like success. When we have situations where the group consists of only leaders then their team might just not work at all. The worst thing is that the people who are not of a leader type they may be pushed aside by the other members of the team. Leaders would be concentrating on achieving the goal and wont care about helping other team members and socializing with them and wont become a good team. And on top of all these groups would have the conflicts, peer pressure and unnecessary waste of time. Conclusion:- The question of which one has more advantages is only of academic interest as ultimately, the result depends on what is best suited of the type and nature of the job and the individual personality and level of skill required along with all other constraints like time, money and resources available at your hand. Given that you have all the knowledge of above things, we would be able to make a decision which one works better for based on the situation. Though I prefer to work independently, if my job or situation needs me to be part of a group, I am always up for it and willing to be a great team player to contribute to the team success.